The Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity in Nigeria
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Background of the Study
Climate change presents a formidable challenge to agricultural productivity worldwide, and Nigeria is particularly vulnerable due to its reliance on rain-fed agriculture. Shifts in rainfall patterns, increased frequency of droughts, and rising temperatures are impacting crop yields and livestock production. Recent studies between 2023 and 2025 have documented significant fluctuations in agricultural outputs, with climate change emerging as a primary factor in reduced productivity (Afolabi, 2023). In Nigeria, smallholder farmers, who constitute the majority of the agricultural workforce, are experiencing decreased soil fertility, prolonged dry spells, and unpredictable weather conditions that complicate planting and harvesting cycles. These challenges threaten food security and the livelihoods of millions of Nigerians.
The agricultural sector is a cornerstone of Nigeria’s economy, providing employment, sustaining rural communities, and contributing to export earnings. Climate change, therefore, not only affects the environment but also has profound socio-economic implications. While some adaptive strategies—such as the adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties and improved irrigation techniques—have been introduced, their adoption remains limited due to financial, technical, and infrastructural constraints (Chinwe, 2024). Moreover, policy responses have often been fragmented and reactive, failing to address the long-term impacts of climate change on agricultural systems. This study investigates the relationship between climate change and agricultural productivity in Nigeria, aiming to provide insights into how environmental shifts affect crop yields, income levels, and overall rural development. By examining empirical data and case studies from various regions, the research will contribute to the formulation of more robust adaptation strategies and policy interventions that can safeguard food security and enhance agricultural resilience (Oluwaseun, 2025).
Statement of the Problem
The adverse effects of climate change have significantly undermined agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Erratic rainfall, prolonged droughts, and increased temperatures have led to declining crop yields, thereby jeopardizing food security and reducing the income of smallholder farmers (Ibrahim, 2023). Many farmers lack the necessary resources and knowledge to adopt climate-resilient practices, and government support in terms of subsidies and technical assistance has been insufficient. These challenges have created a vicious cycle where reduced productivity leads to lower incomes, which in turn limits the capacity of farmers to invest in adaptive technologies. Consequently, the overall economic stability of rural areas is compromised, exacerbating poverty and increasing vulnerability to further climatic shocks.
Moreover, the impact of climate change is not uniformly distributed; regions already facing infrastructural deficits and limited access to agricultural extension services are disproportionately affected. This uneven burden contributes to regional disparities in agricultural performance and rural development. The lack of a coordinated national strategy to address climate change in agriculture further compounds these issues, leaving many communities without a clear roadmap for adaptation. This study aims to quantify the economic losses attributable to climate change and identify the main factors that hinder effective adaptation in the agricultural sector.
Objectives of the Study
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To quantify the impact of climate change on crop yields and livestock productivity in Nigeria.
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To identify the barriers to adopting climate-resilient agricultural practices.
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To propose policy interventions that can enhance adaptive capacity and agricultural resilience.
Research Questions
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How does climate change affect agricultural productivity in Nigeria?
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What are the primary obstacles preventing the adoption of climate-resilient practices?
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Which policy measures can effectively mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on agriculture?
Research Hypotheses
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Climate change significantly reduces agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
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Limited access to resources and technical knowledge hinders adaptation.
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Policy interventions that improve extension services and funding will enhance adaptive capacity.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study examines climate change impacts on agriculture across diverse agro-ecological zones in Nigeria using crop yield data, farmer surveys, and climate models. Limitations include data variability and challenges in isolating climate effects from other factors.
Definitions of Terms
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Climate Change: Long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation, and weather patterns.
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Agricultural Productivity: The output of crops and livestock per unit area of land.
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Adaptive Capacity: The ability of farmers and communities to adjust to climate-related changes.
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